Barney Balch, PhD

SRS Emeritus
Biological Oceanographer
Phone: +1 (207) 315-2567, ext. 301
bbalch@bigelow.org

For media inquiries, please contact sprofaizer@bigelow.org


BioPublicationsCV

Lab Page

Education

B.A., Cum laude in biology, Cornell University, 1980

Ph.D.,Biological Oceanography, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Univ. California San Diego, 1985

Research Interests

I am interested in factors that affect the distribution of phytoplankton in space and time. This work has focused on coccolithophores, which are one of the main sources of calcium carbonate in the global ocean, and a major source of light-scattering in the sea. We have focused on ocean acidification and its effects on coccolithophores as well as phytoplankton, in general. My studies have crossed interdisciplinary lines in five areas:

Biocalcification: My laboratory has been studying the factors which regulate biocalcification. This has involved considerable time at sea and in the laboratory. We are synthesizing surveys of calcification in the equatorial Pacific, Arabian Sea, North Atlantic, Patagonian Shelf, Gulf of Maine and the Southern Ocean.

Bio-optics: These studies have focused on the bio-optical impact of suspended calcite in seawater and remote sensing algorithms used to quantify calcium carbonate concentrations from space. Since 1998 we have maintained an active field program in the Gulf of Maine involving a comprehensive time series of hydrographic, biological, optical and chemical properties (the Gulf of Maine North Atlantic Time Series, or GNATS). We also have participated in the Atlantic Meridional Transect program between 2004-2016.

Ocean Color Algorithms for Satellite Remote Sensing of carbon production: My laboratory has maintained a long–standing interest on remote sensing algorithms for suspended calcium carbonate (aka particulate inorganic carbon), biogenic silica (from diatoms), as well as rate estimates of primary production and calcification.

Ocean acidification: My lab examined the impact of ocean acidification on phytoplankton. Specifically, we have examined changes in phytoplankton community structure, biomass, calcification, and the standing stock of particulate inorganic carbon as a function of increased partial pressure of CO2 as well as the coefficient of saturation for calcite and aragonite.

Coccolithophore mixotrophy: We have studied coccolithophore mixotrophy both in the laboratory and field, trying to understand how these organisms fix carbon in environments with little, or no light for photosynthesis, for extended periods of time.

I balance my life of science as a jazz trombonist with the “Novel Jazz Septet”. See https://www.mainejazz.net for more information on my jazz activities.

Balch Publications

2023

  • Balch, W. M. and Mitchell, C. (2023), Remote sensing algorithms for particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) and the global cycle of PIC, Earth System Reviews, Accepted in press 2/18/23

2022

  • Friedland KD, Record NR, Pendleton DE. Balch WM, Stamieszkin K, Moisan J, Brady D (2022) Asymmetry in the rate of warming and the phenology of seasonal blooms in the Northeast US Shelf Ecosystem. ICES J Mar Sci (In press)
  • Valente, A., S. Sathyendranath, V. Brotas, S. Groom, M. Grant, M. Taberner, D. Antoine, R. Arnone, W. M. Balch, K. Barker, R. Barlow, S. Bélanger, J. F. Berthon, S. Beşiktepe, Y. Borsheim, A. Bracher, V. Brando, B. Brewin, E. Canuti, F. Chavez, A. Cianca, H. Claustre, L. Clementson, R. Crout, G. Dall’Olmo, R. Frouin, C. García-Soto, S. W. Gibb, R. Goericke, R. Gould, N. Guillocheau, S. B. Hooker, C. Hu, M. Kahru, M. Kampel, H. Klein, S. Kratzer, R. Kudela, J. Ledesma, S. Lohrenz, H. Loisel, A. Mannino, P. Matrai, D. McKee, B. G. Mitchell, T. Moisan, E. Montes, F. Muller-Karger, A. Neeley, L. O'Dowd, M. Ondrusek, T. Platt, A. J. Poulton, M. Repecaud, T. Schroeder, T. Smyth, D. Smythe-Wright, H. M. Sosik, G. Tilstone, M. Twardowski, V. Vellucci, K. Voss, J. Werdell, M. Wernand, S. Wright, B. Wojtasiewicz and G. Zibordi (2022). "A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean-colour satellite applications - Version three." Earth System Science Data; 14, 5737–5770.
  • Balch, W. M., Dave T. Drapeau, Bruce C. Bowler, Nicholas Record, Nicholas R. Bates, Sunny Pinkham, Rebecca Garley and Catherine Mitchell. 2022. Changing biogeochemical and acidification properties in the Gulf of Maine as measured by the Gulf of Maine North Atlantic Time Series, GNATS, between 1998-2018. JGR Biogeosciences,V. 127, e2022JG006790.
  • Balch, W.M., M. Carranza, I. Cetinic, J.E. Chaves, S. Duhamel, A. Fassbender, A. Fernandez-Carrera, S. Ferrón, E. García-Martín, J. Goes, H. Gomes, K. Gundersen, K. Halsey, T. Hirawake, T. Isada, L. Juranek, G. Kulk, C. Langdon, R. Letelier, D. López-Sandoval, A. Mannino, J. Marra, P. Neale, D. Nicholson, G. Silsbe, R. Stanley, and R.A. Vandermeulen. 2022. Aquatic Primary Productivity Field Protocols for Satellite Validation and Model Synthesis. In IOCCG Protocol Series Volume 7.0, 2022; IOCCG Ocean Optics and Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation, edited by R. A. Vandermeulen and J. E. Chaves. Dartmouth, NS, Canada: IOCCG. doi:. 201pp.
  • Collister, B.L., R. C. Zimmerman, V. J. Hill, C. I. Sukenik, W. M. Balch. (2022) The influence of particle concentration and bulk characteristics on polarized oceanographic lidar measurements. Limnology and Oceanography. V. 67(6), p. 1374-1387.
  • Godrijan, J., Drapeau, D.T. and Balch, W.M. (2022), Osmotrophy of dissolved organic carbon by coccolithophores in darkness. New Phytol. V.233 (2), p. 781-794.

2020

  • Collister, B. L., Zimmerman, R. C., Hill, V. J., Sukenik, C. I., and Balch, W. M., 2020, Polarized lidar and ocean particles: Insights from a mesoscale coccolithophore bloom: Applied Optics, v. 59, no. 15, p. 4650-4662.
  • Godrijan, J., D. Drapeau,W.M. Balch. (2020), Mixotrophic uptake of organic compounds by coccolithophores. Limnology and Oceanography, 20, 1410-1421 doi: 10.1002/lno.

2019

  • Hopkins, J., S. A. Henson, A. J. Poulton, and W. M. Balch* (2019), Regional influences on temporal variability in global particulate inorganic carbon inventory, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 33, DOI.ORG/10.1029/2019GB006300. *Corresponding author.
  • Balch, W.M., Bowler, B.C., Drapeau, D.T., Lubelczyk, L.C., Lyczkowski, E. Mitchell, C. and Wyeth, A. 2019 Coccolithophore distributions of the North and South Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.06.012.
  • Boss, E., Haëntjens, N., Ackleson, S., Balch, W.M., Chase, A., Dall’Olmo, G., Freeman, S., Liu, Y., Loftin, J., Neary, W., Nelson, N., Novak, M., Slade, W., Proctor, C., Tortell, P., and Westberry. T. (2019). Inherent Optical Property Measurements and Protocols: Best Practices for the Collection and Processing of Ship-Based Underway Flow-Through Optical Data. IOCCG Protocol Series, IOCCG Ocean Optics and Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation, Volume 4.0, edited by A. R. Neeley and A. Mannino, IOCCG, Dartmouth, NS, Canada.
  • Valente, A., S. Sathyendranath, V. Brotas, S. Groom, M. Grant, M. Taberner, D. Antoine, R. Arnone, W.M. Balch, K. Barker and others. 2019. A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean-colour satellite applications - Version two. Earth System Science Data. 11:1037-1068.
  • Record, N.R., J. A. Runge, D.E. Pendleton, W.M. Balch, K.T.A. Davies, A.J. Pershing, C.L. Johnson, K. Stamieszkin, R. Ji, Z. Feng, S.D. Kraus, R.D. Kenney, C. Hudak, C.A. Mayo, C. Chen, J. Salisbury, C.R.S. Thompson. (2019) Rapid climate-driven circulation changes threaten conservation of endangered North Atlantic right whales. Oceanography. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.201
  • Record, N. R., W. M. Balch, and K. Stamieszkin (2019), Century-scale changes in phytoplankton phenology in the Gulf of Maine, PeerJ. 7:cc6735 http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6735.

2018

  • Mitchell, C., H. R. Gordon, B. C. Bowler, D. T. Drapeau, and W. M. Balch (2018), Optical inversions of the water column based on glider measurements., Optics Express, 26(25), 32824-32838.
  • Daniels, C.J., A. J. Poulton, W. M. Balch, E. Marañón, T. Adey, B. C. Bowler, P. Cermeño, A. Charalampopoulou, D. W. Crawford, D. Drapeau, Y. Feng, A. Fernandez, E. Fernandez, G. M. Fragoso, N. Gonzalez, L. M. Graziano, J. Harlay, R. Heslop, P. M. Holligan, J. Hopkins, M. Huete-Ortega, D. A. Hutchins, P. J. Lam, M. S. Lipsen, D. C. Lopez-Sandoval , S. Loucaides, A. Marchetti, K. Mayers, A. P. Rees, C. Sobrino, E. Tynan, T. Tyrrell and A. Wyeth . 2018. A global compilation of calcite production rates by coccolithophores. Earth System Science Data. 10: 1-18.
  • White, M. M., J. D. Waller, L. C. Lubelczyk, D. T. Drapeau, B. C. Bowler, W. M. Balch, and D. M. Fields* (2018), Coccolith dissolution within copepod guts affects fecal pellet density and sinking rate, Scientific Reports, 8(1), 9758. *Corresponding author
  • White, M. M., D. T. Drapeau, L. C. Lubelczyk, V. C. Abel, B. C. Bowler, and W. M. Balch* (2018), Calcification of an estuarine coccolithophore increases with ocean acidification when subjected to diurnally fluctuating carbonate chemistry. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 61: 59-76. *Corresponding author.
  • Collister, B.L. Zimmerman, R.C., Sukenik, C.I., Hill, V.J., Balch, W.M. 2018. Remote Sensing of Optical Characteristics and Particle Distributions of the Upper Ocean Using Shipboard Lidar. Remote Sensing of the Environment. 215: 85-96.
  • Hopkins, J. and Balch, W.M. 2018. A new approach to estimating coccolithophore calcification rates from space. J. Geophys. Res.- Biogeosciences. 123: 1447-1459. doi 10.1002/2017JG004235.
  • Balch, W.M., B. Bowler, D. Drapeau, L. Lubelczyk, and E. Lyczkowski. 2018. Vertical distributions of coccolithophores, PIC, POC, biogenic silica and chlorophyll a throughout the global ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32(1):2-17.
  • Balch, W.M. Ecology, Biogeochemistry, and Optical Properties of Coccolithophores. 2018. Annual Reviews in Marine Science. 10:71-98.
  • Cao, X., Aiken, G. R. , Butler, K. D. , Huntington, T. G., Balch, W. M., Mao, J., Schmidt-Rohr, K. 2018. Carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules as major structural components in dissolved organic matter along a river to sea transect, Organic Geochemistry.116: 62-76

2017

  • Mitchell, C., C. Hu, B. Bowler, D. Drapeau and W. M. Balch, 2017. Estimating particulate inorganic carbon concentration from ocean color measurements using a reflectance difference approach. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans. 122.
  • Smith, H. E. K., Balch, W. M., Twining, B. Bates, N. Hopkins, J. Poulton, A. J. 2017. "The Influence of Environmental Variability on the Biogeography of Coccolithophores and Diatoms in the Great Calcite Belt." Biogeosciences. 14, 4905–4925.
  • Randolph, K., H. M. Dierssen, A. Cifuentes-Lorenzen, W. M. Balch, E. C. Monahan, C. Zappa, D. Drapeau, and D. Bowler. 2017, Novel methods for optically measuring whitecaps under natural wave breaking conditions, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-16-0086.1.

2016

  • Huntington, T., Balch, W.M., Aiken, G., Sheffield, J., Luo, L., Roesler, C., Camill, P., 2016. Climate change and dissolved organic carbon export to the Gulf of Maine. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences; DOI: 10.1002/2015JG003314.
  • Balch, W. M., Bates, N. R., Lam, Phoebe J., Twining, B. S. , Rosengard, S. Z., Bowler, B.C., Drapeau, D.T., Garley, R., Lubelczyk, L., Mitchell, C. E., Rauschenberg, S. (2016), Factors regulating the Great Calcite Belt in the Southern Ocean and its biogeochemical significance, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10.1002/2016GB005414.
  • Marañón, Emilio, W. M. Balch, Pedro Cermeño, Natalia González, Cristina Sobrino, Ana Fernández, María Huete-Ortega, Daffne C. López-Sandoval, Maximino Delgado, Marta Estrada, Marta Álvarez, Elisa Fernández-Guallart, Carles Pelejero. 2016. Pelagic calcification and carbonate chemistry in the tropical ocean. Limnology and Oceanography. 61(4):1345-1357.
  • Valente, A., S. Sathyendranath, V. Brotas, S. Groom, M. Grant, M. Taberner, D. Antoine, R. Arnone, W. M. Balch, K. Barker, R. Barlow, S. Bélanger, J.-F. Berthon, S. Besiktepe, V. Brando, E. Canuti, F. Chavez, H. Claustre, R. Crout, R. Frouin, C. García-Soto, S. W. Gibb, R. Gould, S. Hooker, M. Kahru, H. Klein, S. Kratzer, H. Loisel, D. McKee, B. G. Mitchell, T. Moisan, F. Muller-Karger, L. O'Dowd, M. Ondrusek, A. J. Poulton, M. Repecaud, T. Smyth, H. M. Sosik, M. Twardowski, K. Voss, J. Werdell, M. Wernand, and G. Zibordi. 2015. A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean-colour satellite applications. Earth System Science Data. 8:235-252. doi:10.5194/essd-8-235-2016
  • Balch WM, Huntington T, Aiken G, Drapeau DT, Bowler BC, Lubelczyk L, Butler K (2016) Towards a quantitative and empirical dissolved organic carbon budget for the Gulf of Maine, a semi-enclosed shelf sea. Global Biogeochem Cycles 30:doi: 10.1002/2015GB005332

2015

  • Rivero-Calle, S., DelCastillo, C.E., Gnanadesikan, A., Balch, W.M., Guikema, S.D., 2015. Increase of coccolithophorids in the North Atlantic over recent decades. Science. 350:6267, 1533-1537. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8026.
  • Rosengard, S.Z., Lam, P.J., Balch, W.M., Auro, M.E., Pike, S.M., Drapeau, D.T., Bowler, B.C., 2015. Carbon export and transfer to depth across the Southern Ocean Great Calcite Belt. Biogeosciences. 12: 3953–3971, 2015 doi:10.5194/bg-12-3953-2015
  • Salisbury, J., Jonsson, B., Balch, W.M., Chakraborty, S., Chapron, B., Hales, B., Lohrenz, S., Mannino, A., Mathis, J., Reul, N., Signorini, S., Vandemark, D., Wanninkhof, R., Yates, K., 2015. How can present and future satellite missions support scientific studies that address ocean acidification? Oceanography. 28(2): 108-121..

2014

  • Balch, W. M., Drapeau, D. T., Bowler, B. C., Lyczkowski, E., Lubelczyk, L. C., Poulton, A. J., and Painter, S. C., 2014, Surface biological, chemical and optical properties of the Patagonian Shelf coccolithophore bloom, the brightest waters of the Great Calcite Belt: Limnology and Oceanography. 59 (5): 1715-1732.
  • Balch, W.M., Bowler, B.C., Lubelczyk, L.C. and Stephens, M., 2014. Aerial extent, composition, bio-optics and biogeochemistry of a massive under-ice algal bloom in the Arctic. Deep-Sea Research II, 105: 42-58.
  • Arrigo, K.R., Perovich, D.K., Pickart, R.S., Brown, Z.W., van Dijken, G.L., Lowry, K.E., Mills, M.M., Palmer, M.A., Balch, W.M., Bates, N.R., Benitez-Nelson, C., Brownlee, E., Frey, K.E., Laney, S.R., Mathis, J.T., Matsuoka, A., Mitchell, B.G., Moore, G.W.K., Reynolds, R.A., Sosik, H.M., Swift, J.H., 2014. Phytoplankton blooms under the sea ice in the Chukchi Sea. Deep-Sea Research II 105, 1-16.
  • Muller-Karger, F.E., Kavanaugh, M.T., Montes, E., Balch, W.M., Breitbart, M., Chavez, F. P., Doney, S.C., Johns, E.M., Letelier, R.M., Lomas, M.W., Sosik, H.M. and White, A.E. 2014. A framework for a marine biodiversity observing network within changing continental shelf seascapes. Oceanography. 27(2), 18-23.
  • Valiadi, M., Painter, S.C., Allen, J.T., Balch, W.M. and Iglesias-Rodriguez, M.D., 2014. Molecular detection of bioluminescent dinoflagellates in surface waters of the Patagonian Shelf during early austral summer, 2008. PLoS ONE, 9(6): e98849. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098849

2013

  • Poulton, A.J., Painter, S., Young, J.R., Bates, N.R., Bowler, B.C., Drapeau, D.T., Lyczskowski, E., Balch, W.M. 2013. The 2008 Emiliania huxleyi bloom along the Patagonian Shelf: Ecology, biogeochemistry and cellular calcification. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 27: 1-11. DOI: 10.1002/2013GB004641

2012

  • Arrigo K.R., Perovich D.K., Pickart R.S., Brown Z.W., van Dijken G.L., Lowry K.E., Mills M.M., Palmer M.A., Balch W.M., and others (2012) Massive phytoplankton blooms under Arctic sea ice. Science. 336: 1408.
  • Balch, W.M., Drapeau, D.T., Bowler, B.C., Huntington, T., 2012. Step-changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the Gulf of Maine, as documented by the GNATS time series. Marine Ecology - Progress Series, 450, 11–35. doi: 10.3354/meps09555

2011

  • Poulton AJ, Young JR, Bates NR, Balch WM (2011) Biometry of detached Emiliania huxleyi coccoliths along the Patagonian Shelf. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 443: 1-17 doi: 10.3354/meps09445
  • Balch WM, Drapeau DT, Bowler BC, Booth ES, Lyczskowski E, Alley D (2011) The contribution of coccolithophores to the optical and inorganic carbon budgets during the Southern Ocean Gas Experiment: New evidence in support of the "Great Calcite Belt" hypothesis. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans Special Issue. VOL. 116, C00F06, doi:10.1029/2011JC006941.
  • Balch WM, Poulton A., Drapeau D, Bowler B, Windecker L., and Booth. (2011) E.S. Zonal and meridional patterns of phytoplankton biomass and carbon fixation in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, between 110oW and 140oW. Deep-Sea Research II. 58: 400-416. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.08.004.
  • Baines, S. B., B.S. Twining, S. Vogt, W.M. Balch, N. S. Fisher. (2011) Control of diatom silicification by silicic acid and iron in the eastern Equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Research II. 58: 512-523. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.08.003.
  • Landry, M.R., Selph, K.E., Taylor, A.G., Decima, M., Balch, W.M., Bidigare, R.R.R., (2011). Phytoplankton growth, grazing and production balances in the HNLC equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Research II. 58: 524-535 doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.08.011.
  • Brzezinski, M., S.B. Baines, W.M. Balch, Charlotte Beucher, F. Chai, R.C. Dugdale, J.W. Krause, M.R. Landry, A. Marchi, C. Measures, D.M. Nelson, A. Parker, A. Poulton, K.E. Selph, P.G. Strutton, A.G. Taylor and B.S. Twining (2011), Co-limitation of diatoms by iron and silicic acid in the equatorial Pacific, Deep-Sea Research II, 58: 493-511. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.08.005.

2010

  • Painter, S.C., A.J. Poulton, J.T. Allen, R. Pidcock, and W.M. Balch (2010), The COPAS'08 expedition to the Patagonian Shelf: Physical and environmental conditions during the 2008 coccolithophore bloom. Continental Shelf Research. 30 (18), 1907-1923. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2010.08.013
  • Balch, W.M., Bowler, B.C., Drapeau, D. T., Poulton, A., and Holligan, P. Biominerals and the vertical flux of particulate organic carbon from the surface ocean. (2010) Geochemical Research Letters. 37 (L22605), 1-6doi:10.1029/2010GL044640.
  • Fabry, V.J., and W.M. Balch, 2010, Direct measurements of calcification rates in planktonic organisms, in Riebesell U., Fabry V. J., Hansson L. & Gattuso J.-P. (Eds.), 2010. Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting, 260 p. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Vaughn, J.M., Novotny, J.F., Balch, W.M., Vining C.L., Drapeau D.T., Booth E., Kneifel D. M.., Bell A.L. 2010. Isolation of Emiliania huxleyi viruses from the Gulf of Maine. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 58: 109-116. doi: 10.3354/ame01375.

2009

  • Doney , S.C., Balch, W.M., Fabry, V.J., Feely, R., 2009. Ocean acidification: A critical emerging problem for the ocean sciences. Oceanography 22 (4), 16-25.
  • Balch, W.M., Utgoff, P., 2009. Potential interactions amoung ocean acidification, coccolithophores and the optical properties of seawater. Oceanography 22 (4), 146-159.
  • Gordon, H.R, T. J. Smyth, W.M. Balch, G. C. Boynton, and G. A. Tarran, 2009. Light scattering by coccoliths detached from Emiliania Huxley. Applied Optics. 48 (31): 6059-6072.
  • Balch, W. M., D. Drapeau, B. Bowler, E. Booth, A. Plueddeman. 2009. Chalk-ex –The fate of CaCO3 Particles in the Mixed Layer: Evolution of patch optical properties . Journal of Geophysical Research- Oceans. 2009. 114 (C07020), doi:10.1029/2008JC004902.

2008

  • Balch, W.M. and V. Fabry. 2008 Ocean acidification: documenting its impact on calcifying phytoplankton at basin scales. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 373: 239–247, doi: 10.3354/meps07801
  • Balch, W.M., Drapeau, D.T., Bowler, B. C., Booth, E.S., Windecker, L.A. and Ashe, A. 2008. Space-time variability of carbon standing stocks and fixation rates in the Gulf of Maine, along the GNATS transect between Portland, ME and Yarmouth, NS. Journal of Plankton Research. 30(2): 119-140. doi: 10.1093/plankt/fbm097.

2007

  • Balch, W. M., J. M. Vaughn, J.I. Goes, J. Novotny, D. Drapeau, E. Booth, and C. Vining. 2007. Bio-optical consequences of viral infection of phytoplankton: I. Experiments with the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. Limnology and Oceanography. 52: 727-738.
  • Poulton, A. J., Adey, T. R., Balch, W. M. & Holligan, P. M. 2007. Relating coccolithophore calcification rates to phytoplankton community dynamics: regional differences and implications for carbon export. Deep-Sea Research II (Chapman Calcification Conference- Special Volume). Vol. 54, no. 5-7, pp. 538-557.
  • Balch, W. M., Drapeau, D. T., Bowler, B. C. & Booth, E. 2007. Prediction of pelagic calcification rates using satellite-measurements. Deep-Sea Research II (Chapman Calcification Conference Special Volume). Vol. 54, no. 5-7, pp. 478-495 doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.12.006.
  • Berelson, W. M., W. M. Balch, R. Najjar, R. A. Feely, C. Sabine, and K. Lee. 2007. Relating estimates of CaCO3 production, export and dissolution in the water column to measurements of CaCO3 rain into sediment traps and dissolution on the sea floor: A revised global carbonate budget. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 21, GB1024, doi:10.1029/2006GB002803.

2005

  • Balch, W. M., Howard Gordon, B. C. Bowler, D. T. Drapeau, E. S. Booth. 2005. Calcium carbonate measurements in the surface global ocean based on MODIS Data. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans. 110, C07001 doi:10.1029/2004JC002560.

2004

  • Balch, W. M., D. Drapeau, B. Bowler, E. Booth, J. Goes, A. Ashe, and J. Frye. 2004. A multi-year record of optical properties in the Gulf of Maine: I. Spatial and temporal variability. Progress in Oceanography. 63: 57-98.
  • Knobelspiesse, K.D., C. Pietras, G.S. Fargion, M. Wang, R. Frouin, M.A. Miller, A. Subramaniam and W.M. Balch. 2004. Maritime aerosol optical properties measured by handheld sun photometers. Remote Sensing of Environment. 93:87-106.

2003

  • Vaillancourt, R.D., C.W. Brown, R.R.L. Guillard, W. M. Balch. 2003. Light backscattering by phytoplankton algae and a heterotrophic bacterium measured with a multi-wavelength, fixed-angle backscattering meter. Journal of Plankton Research. 26: 191-212.
  • Broerse, A.T.C., Tyrell, T., Young, J. R., Poulton, A. J., Merico, A. and W. M. Balch. 2003. The cause of bright waters in the Bering Sea in winter. Continental and Shelf Research. 23: 1579-1596.

2002

  • Balch, W.M., Vaughn, J.M., Novotny, J.F., Drapeau, D.T., Goes, J.I., Lapierre, J.M., Scally, E, Vining, C.L., Ashe, A., and Vaughn, J.M. Jr. 2002. Fundamental changes in light scattering associated with infection of marine bacteria by bacteriophage. Limnology and Oceanography. 47(5): 1554-1561.
  • Campbell, J.W., D. Antoine, R. Armstrong, K. Arrigo, W. Balch, R. Barber, M. Behrenfeld, R. Bidigare, J. Bishop, M.-E. Carr, W. Esaias, P. Falkowski, N. Hoepffner, R. Iverson, D. Kiefer, S. Lohrenz, J. Marra, A. Morel, J. Ryan, V. Vedernikov, K. Waters, C. Yentsch, and J. Yoder. 2002. Comparison of algorithms for estimating ocean primary productivity from surface chlorophyll, temperature, and irradiance. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16(3), 10.1029 / 2001GB001444.

2001

  • Goes, J.I., H.R. Gomes, A. Limsakul, W. M. Balch, T. Saino. 2001. El Nino related interannual variations in biological production in the North Pacific as evidenced by satellite and ship data. Progress in Oceanography 49: 211-224.
  • Balch, W. M., D. Drapeau, J. Fritz, B. Bowler, and J. Nolan. 2001. Optical backscattering in the Arabian Sea- Continuous underway measurements of particulate inorganic and organic carbon. Deep Sea Research I. 48: 2423-2452.
  • Gordon, H. R., G. C. Boynton, W. M. Balch, S. B. Groom, D. S. Harbour , and T. J. Smyth. 2001. Retrieval of Coccolithophore Calcite Concentration from SeaWiFS Imagery. Geophysical Research Letters, 28: 1587-1590.

2000

  • Balch, W.M., Vaughn, J., Novotny, J., D. T. Drapeau, R.D. Vaillancourt, J. Lapierre, and A. Ashe, 2000. Light scattering by viral suspensions. Limnology and Oceanography. 45:492-498.
  • Vaillancourt, R. D. and W. M. Balch. 2000. Size distribution of coastal sub-micron particles determined by flow, field flow fractionation. Limnology and Oceanography. 45: 485-492.
  • Graziano, L., W. Balch, D. Drapeau, B.Bowler, and S. Dunford. 2000. Organic and inorganic carbon production in the Gulf of Maine. Continental and Shelf Research. 20: 685-705.
  • Balch, W. M., D. Drapeau, and J. Fritz. 2000. Monsoonal forcing of calcification in the Arabian Sea. Deep Sea Research II, 47: 1301-1333.

1999

  • Milliman, J., P.J. Troy, W. Balch, A.K. Adams, Y.-H. Li, and F.T. MacKenzie . 1999. Biologically-mediated dissolution of calcium carbonate above the chemical lysocline? Deep-Sea Research I. 46: 1653-1669.
  • Balch, William M., David T. Drapeau, Terry L. Cucci, and Robert D. Vaillancourt, Katherine A. Kilpatrick, Jennifer J. Fritz. 1999. Optical backscattering by calcifying algae-Separating the contribution by particulate inorganic and organic carbon fractions. Journal of Geophysical Research. 104: 1541-1558.

1998

  • Esaias, W. E., M. R. Abbott, O. W. Brown, J. W. Campbell, K. L. Carder, D. K. Clark, R. L. Evans, F. E. Hoge, H. R. Gordon, W. M. Balch, R. Letelier, and P. Minnett. 1998. An overview of MODIS Capabilities for Ocean Science Observations. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, EOS-AM Special Issue. 36(4): 1250-1265.
  • Voss, K., W. M. Balch, and K. A. Kilpatrick. 1998. Scattering and attenuation properties of Emiliania huxleyi cells and their detached coccoliths. Limnology and Oceanography. 43: 870-876.

1997

  • Archer, D., J. Aiken, W. M. Balch, R. Barber, J. Dunne, P Flament, W. Gardner, C. Garside, C. Goyet, E. Johnson, D. Kirchman, M. McPhaden, J. Newton, E. Peltzer, L. Welling, J. White, J. Yoder. 1997. A Meeting Place of Great Ocean Currents: Shipboard Observations of a Convergent Front at 2o N in the Pacific . Deep-Sea Research II, 44: 1827-1849.
  • Balch, W. M., B. Bowler, and C.F. Byrne. 1997. Sea surface temperature gradients, baroclinicity, and vegetation gradients in the sea. Journal of Plankton Research. 19: 1829-1858. 1996
  • Balch, W. M., J. J. Fritz, and E. Fernandez. 1996. Decoupling of calcification and photosynthesis in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi under steady-state light-limited growth. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 142: 87-97.
  • Balch, W. M., K. A. Kilpatrick, P. M. Holligan and C. Trees. 1996. The 1991 coccolithophore bloom in the central north Atlantic I- Optical properties and factors affecting their distribution. Limnology and Oceanography. 41: 1669-1683.
  • Balch, W. M., K. Kilpatrick, P. M. Holligan, D. Harbour, and E. Fernandez. 1996. The 1991 coccolithophore bloom in the central north Atlantic II- Relating optics to coccolith concentration. Limnology and Oceanography. 41: 1684-1696.
  • Fernandez, E., J. J. Fritz and W. M. Balch. 1996. Growth-dependent chemical composition of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi in light-limited chemostats. Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology. 207: 149-160.
  • Fritz, J. J. and W. M. Balch. 1996. A coccolith detachment rate determined from chemostat cultures of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology. 207: 127-147.
  • Balch, W. M. and K. A. Kilpatrick. 1996. Calcification rates in the equatorial Pacific along 140oW. Deep Sea Research. 43: 971-993.
  • Fernandez, Emilio, E. Maranon and W. M. Balch. 1996. Intracellular carbon partitioning in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Journal of Marine Systems. 9: 57-66.

1995

  • Balch, W. M. 1995. Underwater bio-optics - Review of Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems, Second Edition. Bulletin of Marine Science. 57: 297-299.

1994

  • Fernandez, Emilio, W. M. Balch, E. Maranon, and P. M. Holligan. 1994. High rates of lipid biosynthesis in cultured, mesocosm and coastal populations of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 114: 13-22.
  • Yoder, J. A., S. G. Ackleson, R. T. Barber, P. Flament, and W. M. Balch. 1994. A line in the sea. Nature. 371: 689-692.
  • Balch, W.M. and C.F. Byrne. 1994. Factors affecting the estimate of primary production from space. Journal of Geophysical Research – Oceans. 99: 7555-7570.
  • Ackleson, S.G., W.M. Balch, and P.M. Holligan. 1994. The response of CZCS and SeaWIFS Visible-band water-leaving radiance to particulate calcite and pigment concentration within Emiliania huxleyi blooms. Journal of Geophysical Research -Oceans. 99: 7483-7499.
  • Townsend, D.W., M.D. Keller, P.M. Holligan, S.G. Ackleson, and W.M. Balch. 1994. Blooms of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi with respect to hydrography in the Gulf of Maine. Continental and Shelf Research. 14: 979-1000.
  • Paull, C.K., and W.M. Balch. 1994. Oxygen isotopic disequilibrium in coccolith carbonate from phytoplankton blooms. Deep Sea Research. 41: 223-228.

1993

  • Holligan, P.M., E. Fernandez, J. Aiken, W.M. Balch, P. Boyd and others. 1993. A geochemical study of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, in the North Atlantic Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 7(4): 879-900.
  • Matrai, P.A., W.M. Balch, D.J. Cooper, and E.S. Saltzman. 1993. Ocean Color and Atmospheric DMS: on their Mesoscale Variability. Journal of Geophysical Research. 98 (D12): 23,469-23,476.
  • Balch, W.M., K.A. Kilpatrick, and P.M. Holligan. 1993. Coccolith formation and detachment by Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae). Journal of Phycology. 29: 566-575.
  • Balch, W.M. 1993. Sophisticated models of primary production: Performance versus complexity- Reply to Platt and Sathyendranath. Journal of Geophysical Research. 98: 16585-16587.

1992

  • Balch, W. M. and K. A. Kilpatrick. 1992. Particulate reflectance measurements of phytoplankton. Journal of Plankton Research. 14:721-735.
  • Balch, W. M., R. Evans, J. Brown, G. Feldman, C. McClain and W. Esais. 1992. The remote sensing of ocean primary productivity—use of a new data compilation to test satellite algorithms. Journal of Geophysical Research. 97:2279-2293.
  • Balch, W. M., P. M. Holligan and K. A. Kilpatrick. 1992. Calcification, photosynthesis and growth of the bloom - forming coccolithophore. Emiliania huxleyi. Continental and Shelf Research. 12:1353-1374.

1991

  • Balch, W. M., P. M. Holligan, S. Ackleson, and K. Voss. 1991. Biological and optical properties of mesoscale coccolithophore blooms in the Gulf of Maine. Limnology and Oceanography. 36:629-643.

1990

  • Weiler, C. S., W. M. Balch, S. W. Shisholm, J. J. Cullen, W. G. Harrison, P. A. Matrai, M. M. McCarthy, J. R. Nelson, M. J. Perry. 1990. Richard W. Eppley's contributions to phytoplankton physiology and biological oceanography. Oceanography. 3 (2): 42-46.

1989

  • Balch, W. M., M. Abbott, R. W. Eppley, and F. M. H. Reid. 1989. Bias in satellite-derived pigment measurements due to coccolithophorids and dinoflagellates. Journal of Plankton Research. 11:575-581.
  • Balch, W. M., R. W. Eppley, and M. Abbott. 1989. Remote sensing of primary production I. a comparison of empirical and semi-analytical algorithms. Deep Sea Research. 36:281-295.
  • Balch, W. M., R. W. Eppley, and M. Abbott. 1989. Remote sensing of primary production II. introduction of a semi-analytical algorithm. Deep Sea Research. 36: 1201-1217.

1988

  • Ackleson, S., W. M. Balchand P. M. Holligan. 1988. White waters of the Gulf of Maine. Oceanography. 1: 18-22.

1987

  • Balch, W. M. 1987. Studies of nitrate transport of marine phytoplankton using 36Cl-ClO3 as a transport analogue. I. Physiological findings. Journal of Phycology. 23:107-118.
  • Balch, W. M., C. Garside, and E. Renger. 1987. Studies of nitrate transport of marine phytoplankton using 36Cl-ClO3 as a transport analogue. Field observations. Deep-Sea Research II. 34:221-236.

1986

  • Balch, W. M. 1986. Exploring the mechanism of ammonium uptake in marine phytoplankton with an ammonium analogue, methylamine. Marine Biology. 92:163-171.

1985

  • Balch, W. M. 1985. The effect of light of methylamine uptake by phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography. 30:665-674.

1984

  • Holligan, P. M., W. M. Balch, and C. M. Yentsch. 1984. Significance of subsurface chlorophyll, nitrate, and ammonium maxima in relation to the supply of nitrogen for phytoplankton growth in stratified waters of the Gulf of Maine. Journal of Marine Research. 42:1051-1073.
  • Balch, W. M.and F. T. Haxo. 1984. Spectral properties of Noctiluca miliaris Suriray, a heterotrophic dinoflagellate. Journal of Plankton Research. 6:515-525.

1983

  • Townsend, D. W., C. M. Yentsch, C. E. Parker, W. M. Balch, and E. D. True. 1983. An island mixing effect in the coastal Gulf of Maine. Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen. 36:347-356.
  • Balch, W. M., P. C. Reid, and S. C. Surrey-Gent. 1983. Spatial and temporal variability of dinoflagellate cyst abundance in a tidal estuary. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 40:244-261.

1981

  • Balch, W.M. 1981. An apparent lunar cycle of phytoplankton blooms and community succession in the Gulf of Maine. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 55:65-77.

1975

  • Yentsch, C. M. and W. M. Balch. 1975. Lack of secondary intoxification by red tide poison in the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Environmental Letters. 9:246-254.

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